EIGRP is an advanced routing protocol that was originally developed by Cisco, but has since been adopted by other vendors as well. Along with OSPF, it is one of the most popular Interior Gateway Protocols (IGPs) used by large enterprises for the internal routing of their networks. One of the advantages that EIGRP has over […]
Comparison of Reported Distance vs Feasible Distance in EIGRP
One of the concepts involved with the EIGRP routing protocol that can sometimes be confusing is the idea of the feasible distance and the reported distance of a particular network destination. Understanding these two measurements of EIGRP is an important step in understanding some of the fundamental mechanisms of EIGRP. Definition of Terms Let’s start […]
Explanation and Comparison of OSPF E1 vs E2 Routes
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a popular routing protocol used in many production networks throughout the world. Understanding route types is important when designing an OSPF topology for efficient and effective operation. Among the various route types OSPF offers, the External types E1 and E2 play an important role in importing routes from outside […]
Discussion and Explanation of OSPF Graceful Restart and Shutdown
OSPF is one of the most popular routing protocols for enterprise networks. It has been around since the 1980s and has been continually updated and revised to conform to the requirements of modern IP networks. As such, it is an extremely mature and robust routing protocol that can be tweaked and fine-tuned in many ways […]
Explanation and Configuration of OSPF MD5 Authentication on Cisco Networks
OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) is a dynamic routing protocol used in IP networks, primarily within large enterprise networks. In this article we will discuss and configure OSPF MD5 authentication on Cisco devices. Like other routing protocols, OSPF shares information about network topologies and prefixes between devices. This is done by exchanging messages between OSPF-enabled […]
Explanation of BGP Neighbor Adjacency States on Cisco Devices
Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is the fundamental routing protocol that is used on the Internet. Like most routing protocols, BGP depends upon the creation of neighbor adjacencies between BGP routers to exchange prefixes and routing information. In order to successfully create these neighbor adjacencies, they go through a series of neighbor adjacency states. In this […]
How to Configure a Loopback Interface on Cisco Router & Switch
A loopback interface is a virtual interface that can be created within a network device and behaves much the same as a physical interface. Loopback interfaces can be configured on a Cisco router or a switch and have many uses. In this article, we’ll examine what they are, how they can be configured, and how […]
Comparison of Static vs Dynamic Routing in TCP/IP Networks
“Packet Routing” is the primary operation in TCP/IP networks that establishes communication from a source device located on one network to a destination device located on another network. Image Credit Within the OSI model, routing is a Layer 3 process which groups Internet Protocol (IP) data into Packets that are put inside of Frames (Layer […]
Cisco OSPF DR-BDR Election in Broadcast Networks – Configuration Example
The OSPF (Open Short Path First) dynamic routing protocol is probably the most popular and most used IGP routing protocol in TCP/IP networks. Because OSPF is supported by all networking vendors, it does not have the restrictions of proprietary protocols like Cisco EIGRP for example (in terms of multi-vendor environments etc). The new Cisco CCNA […]
How to Configure Port Forwarding on Cisco Router (With Examples)
Imagine the following situation: You are a network engineer and your boss or a customer wants you to build a cheap and easy solution to host a publicly accessible server (such as Webserver, Email server, VPN server etc) using only a regular Cisco router. In most network designs, you will see that the usual and […]
Adjusting MSS and MTU on Cisco 800 routers for PPPoE over DSL
One of the most frequent problems encountered from users of DSL internet connectivity (especially PPPoE DSL service) is when they experience incomplete connections or unreliable data transfers when they communicate with internet servers. A prominent example is when a user accesses a web site and some times it works and some times it does not. […]
The Most Important Cisco Show Commands You Must Know (Cheat Sheet)
If you are a networking professional that is operating and supporting Cisco devices and networks, then learning some important “show commands” is essential. There are a few different categories of commands on Cisco devices. There are commands that configure the device to perform a certain function and also there are commands that extract information from […]
Cisco Show IP Route Command (Routing Table)-Example and Explanation
Routing and Switching form the foundation of computer networks and the Internet in general. A network engineer must know routing principles like the back of his/her hand!! In this practical tutorial we will discuss the Cisco “show ip route” command which allows a network engineer to examine the routing table of a router device in […]